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Chapter 3
Chemical Compounds
 
 
 
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 Molecular formulas, Lewis structures, ball-and-stick models, and space-filling models are used to represent substances.
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 Animation: Representing Substances (**) Molecular formulas tell the number and type of atom in a molecule. Lewis structures show bonds and the placement of unshared electrons. Ball-and-stick models give a good representation of bond angles and bond lengths. Space-filling models give an indication of the size and shape of a molecule. The van der Waals and covalent radii are illustrated.
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 Animation illustrating the periodic trend in oxidation states
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 Animation: Periodic Oxidation States (*) Elements in group IA and group IIA have oxidation numbers of +1 and +2, respectively. The maximum oxidation state increases from left to right across the periodic table. In the first row, O and F have negative oxidation numbers. In the second row S and Cl have positive oxidation numbers when they combine with O or F. In the third row the maximum oxidation number is +7 for Mn.
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 The various types of isomerism are demonstrated in this animation.
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 Animation: Isomerism (*) Isomers are compounds that have the same chemical formula but different structural formulas. Configurational (structural) isomers differ in the locations of bonds or groups in the molecule. Stereoisomers have the same groups of atoms bonded to each other but differ in the spatial arrangements of the atoms. Geometrical (cis-trans) isomers and optical isomers are stereoisomers.
3.2
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 03.02 C
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 Composite of chem structures, ball & stick models, and space-filling models of butane, methylpropane, and testosterone
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3.2.1UN
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 03.02.01
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 A common color scheme for atoms in molecular models
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3.3
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 03.03
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 Portion of an ionic crystal and a formula unit of NaCl. Solid sodium chloride consists of enormous numbers of Na1 and Cl1 ions in a network called a crystal. The combination of one Na1 and one Cl1 ion is the smallest collection of ions from which we can deduce the formula NaCl. It is a formula unit.
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3.4
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 03.04
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 Molecular forms of elemental sulfur and phosphorous
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3.4.11UN
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 03.04.01
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 Composite of the chem structure and ball & stick model of halothane
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3.5a
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 03.05
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 Stream of oxygen diagram
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3.8
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 03.08 C
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 Composite of chem structures, b&s, & s/f models of methane, ethane, propane, ethylene, benzene, and cyclopropane
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3.8.3UNa-b
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 03.08.03 a,b
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 chem structures for art example 3-12 practice exercise B
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3.9
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 03.09
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 Composite of chem structures, b&s, & sp fill models for ethanol, methanol, 1-propanol, and 2-propanol
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3.10
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 03.10
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 chem structure, b&s, and sp fill models of carboxyl group, methanoic acid, & ethanoic acid
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3.10.1UN
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 03.10.01 C
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 Composite of ball and stick models of 2-chloro-1-propene, 1,4-dichlorobutane, and 2-methylpropanoic acid
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3.11
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 03.11
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 Relative abundances graph
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3.11
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 03.01 C
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 Space filling model of acetic acid.
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3.12
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 03.12
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 Relative abundances graph
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3.12.3UN
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 03.12.04 C
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 ball and stick models of H2O2, CH3CH2Cl, P4O10, 2-propanol, and formic acid
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3.12.4UN
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 03.12.05 C
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 Composite of ball and stick models for exercise 30
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3.12.7UN
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 03.12.08 C
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 Ball and stick models for exercise 89
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3.12.8UN
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 03.12.09 C
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 Ball and stick models for exercise 90
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3.12.10UN
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 03.12.10 C
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 Ball and stick models for problem 110
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Table 3.1
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 Table 3.1
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Table 3.2
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 Table 3.2
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Table 3.3
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 Table 3.3
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Table 3.4
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 Table 3.4
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Table 3.5
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 Table 3.5
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