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Chapter 7
Thermochemistry
 
 
 
Movie
Title
 Vapor Pressure vs. Temperature
Caption
 The effect of temperature on the vapor pressure of a liquid is illustrated.
Notes
 A liquid in a closed container exerts a vapor pressure due to molecules that have escaped into the liquid phase. At equilibrium equal numbers of molecules leave and reenter the liquid phase. As the temperature is increased the average kinetic energy of the molecules increases. The higher kinetic energy of the liquid allows more molecules to escape, resulting in an increase in vapor pressure with increasing temperature.
Movie
Title
 Changes of State
Caption
 Changes of State
Notes
 As a solid is heated its temperature increases until its melting point is reached. At the melting point heat is used to convert the solid to a liquid at constant temperature. In the liquid state the temperatureincreases with added heat. At the boiling point the heat is used to convert the liquid to vapor at constant temperature. When the substance has vaporized, added heat causes the temperature of the vapor to increase.
Movie
Title
 CThermite
Caption
 The exothermic reaction between Fe2O3 and aluminum is demonstrated.
Notes
 In the thermite reaction, Al reduces Fe2O3 to Fe in an extremely exothermic reaction in which Al is oxidized to Al2O3. The reaction produces enough heat to melt the iron. Because of the extreme heat produced in the thermite reaction, it is used industrially to weld iron.
Movie
Title
 Work of Gas Expansion
Caption
 The work done by the expansion of a gas is illustrated using a piston in a cylinder.
Notes
 When a gas in a cylinder expands, it causes the piston to move, doing work on the surroundings. The work done is equal to the pressure times the change in volume. If the pressure is kept constant by heating the gas as it expands, the work done depends only on the change in volume. If the pressure is not constant, it must be measured carefully to allow the amount of work done to be calculated.
Movie
Title
 P-V Relationships
Caption
 Animation illustrating Boyle's law
Notes
 As the pressure of a gas is increased at constant temperature its volume decreases in a nonlinear fashion. A plot of volume as a function of 1/P is linear. This is consistent with Boyle's law which states that the pressure and volume of a gas are inversely proportional.
Movie
Title
 Kinetic Energies in a Gas
Caption
 Effect of temperature and molecular mass on the average kinetic energy of gaseous molecules
Notes
 The average kinetic energy of a gas is depends on its temperature and its mass. A graph of the distribution of molecular speeds of a gas at two temperatures shows that the average speed of the molecules of a gas is greater at the higher temperature. Species with different molecular masses have the same average kinetic energies at any given temperature, but the smaller molecules have a greater average speed.
Movie
Title
 Sodium and Potassium in Water
Caption
 The reactions of metallic sodium and potassium with water are demonstrated.
Notes
 When a small piece of Na is added to a solution containing an indicator, evidence of the reaction can be observed by the change in the color of the solution as NaOH is formed, by the melting of the Na and by the movement of the Na caused by formation of hydrogen gas. K is more reactive than Na as demonstrated by its reaction with water. This reaction produces enough heat to ignite the H2 produced.
7.11C
Title
 7-1
Caption
 Systems and surroundings - open system, closed system, and isolated system diagrams
Notes
 Systems and surroundings - open system, closed system, and isolated system diagrams
7.12
Title
 p 221-1a
Caption
  
Notes
 beaker of coffee, flask of coffee, thermos of coffee
7.1.1UN
Title
 p 221-1b
Caption
 Isolated system = system + surroundings
Notes
 Isolated system = system + surroundings
7.2
Title
 7-2
Caption
  
Notes
 bouncing tennis ball photo on long exposure
7.2.1UN
Title
 p 223-1
Caption
  
Notes
 James Joule (1818_1889)
7.3
Title
 7-3
Caption
  
Notes
 sample of lead heated in a beaker, water insulated, lead dropped into water
7.3.1UN
Title
 p 226-1
Caption
  
Notes
 An ice cube thawing on a block of aluminum alloy (ñmiracle thawî).
7.4
Title
 7-4
Caption
 composite of two photos - exothermic reaction and endothermic reaction
Notes
 composite of two photos - exothermic reaction and endothermic reaction
7.4a
Title
 p 227-1a
Caption
  
Notes
 An exothermic reaction
7.4b
Title
 p 227-1b
Caption
  
Notes
 An endothermic reaction
7.5
Title
 7-5
Caption
  
Notes
 A bomb calorimeter assembly
7.6
Title
 7-6
Caption
  
Notes
 A Styrofoam ñcoffee-cupî calorimeter
7.7
Title
 7-7
Caption
 Work of expansion during chemical reaction
Notes
 Work of expansion during chemical reaction
7.8
Title
 7-8
Caption
 Pressure-volume work
Notes
 Pressure-volume work
7.9a
Title
 p 232-1a
Caption
 Translational H2O molecules
Notes
 Translational H2O molecules
7.9b
Title
 p 232-1b
Caption
 Rotational H2O molecules
Notes
 Rotational H2O molecules
7.9c
Title
 p 232-1c
Caption
 Vibrational ball and stick water molecules
Notes
 Vibrational ball and stick water molecules
7.9d
Title
 p 232-1d
Caption
 Electrostatic (Intermolecular attractions) water molecules
Notes
 Electrostatic (Intermolecular attractions) water molecules
7.10
Title
 7-10
Caption
  
Notes
 Sign conventions used in thermodynamics
7.10.1UN
Title
 P 234
Caption
 Internal energy for state functions
Notes
 Internal energy for state functions
7.11
Title
 7-11
Caption
 cylinder showing the intermediate stage in the expansion of a gas
Notes
 cylinder showing the intermediate stage in the expansion of a gas
7.12
Title
 7-12
Caption
 Initial state to final statefor change in U=qv and change in u = qp + w
Notes
 Initial state to final statefor change in U=qv and change in u = qp + w
7.13a
Title
 7-13
Caption
 4 cylinders with CO, O, and CO2 molecules, reaction arrows
Notes
 4 cylinders with CO, O, and CO2 molecules, reaction arrows
7.13b
Title
 P 237-1a(?)
Caption
 CO, O, and CO2 molecules
Notes
 CO, O, and CO2 molecules
7.14
Title
 7-14
Caption
 Increase in enthalpy shows relationship between products and reactants based on change in H being > or <0
Notes
 Increase in enthalpy shows relationship between products and reactants based on change in H being > or <0
7.15
Title
 7-15
Caption
 Enthalpy increase with NO & O2 reactions and N2 and O2 reactions
Notes
 Enthalpy increase with NO & O2 reactions and N2 and O2 reactions
7.15.1UN
Title
 p 244-1
Caption
 diamond and graphite pencil point
Notes
 diamond and graphite pencil point
7.15.3UN
Title
 p 244-1b
Caption
 red phosphorus and white phosphorus
Notes
 red phosphorus and white phosphorus
7.16
Title
 7-16
Caption
  
Notes
 Some standard enthalpies of formation at 298 K
7.17
Title
 7-17
Caption
 enthalpy for H2 + C(graphite) + 1/2 O2
Notes
 enthalpy for H2 + C(graphite) + 1/2 O2
7.18
Title
 7-18
Caption
 Enthalpy of 2Na(s) + H2(g) + 2C(graphite) + 3O2 (g)
Notes
 Enthalpy of 2Na(s) + H2(g) + 2C(graphite) + 3O2 (g)
7.19
Title
 7-19
Caption
 enthalpy of endothermic and exothermic reactions
Notes
 enthalpy of endothermic and exothermic reactions
7.20
Title
 7-20
Caption
  
Notes
 Estimated world production of fossil fuels
7.20.1UN
Title
 p 254-1
Caption
  
Notes
 Aerobic exercise is an excellent way to burn fat and build muscle.
7.21
Title
 7-21
Caption
  
Notes
 Energy values of a fatty acid, a carbohydrate, and a hydrocarbon
7.21.1UN
Title
 p 258-1
Caption
 pouring water into a beaker, final temperature
Notes
 pouring water into a beaker, final temperature
7.21.2UN
Title
 p 262-1
Caption
 enthalpy of N2O3(g) + (1/2)O2(g)
Notes
 enthalpy of N2O3(g) + (1/2)O2(g)
7.21.3UN
Title
 p 263-1
Caption
 art for exercise 107
Notes
 art for exercise 108
7.21.4UN
Title
 p 264-1
Caption
 two connected beakers with thermometers
Notes
 two connected beakers with thermometers
7.21.5UN
Title
 p 265-1
Caption
 graph of pressure vs volume - art for exercise 114
Notes
 graph of pressure vs volume - art for exercise 114
p 791-3
Title
 p 791-3
Caption
  
Notes
 Vapor Pressure vs. Temperature
P 788-3
Title
 P 788-3
Caption
  
Notes
 Changes of state
p 787-3
Title
 p 787-3
Caption
  
Notes
 P-V relationships
p 232-3
Title
 p 232-3
Caption
  
Notes
 Kinetic Energies in a gas
Table 7.1
Title
 Table 7.1
Caption
  
Notes
 Specific Heats of Several Solid Elements
Table 7.2
Title
 Table 7.2
Caption
  
Notes
 Some standard Enthalpies of Formation at 298K
Table 7.3
Title
 Table 7.3
Caption
  
Notes
 Some standard enthalpies of formation of ions in aqueous solutions
Table 7.4
Title
 Table 7.4
Caption
  
Notes
 Approximate heats of combustion of some fuels