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Chapter 8
The Atmospheric Gases and Hydrogen
 
 
 
Movie
Title
 p 267-3
Caption
 The decomposition of sodium azide causes an airbag in an automobile to inflate.
Notes
 A decomposition reaction involving NaN3 is used to inflate airbags in automobiles. When a collision occurs a hot piece of metal causes an explosive reaction which forms N2 gas. The N2 gas formed causes the rapid inflation of the airbag. As the airbag cools, the N2 gas contracts, causing the airbag to shrink, releasing the passenger. This animation also illustrates Charles' law and the stoichiometry of gases.
Movie
Title
 p 917-3
Caption
 Combination reactions of oxygen with magnesium, steel wool, white phosphorous and sulfur
Notes
 Reactions with Oxygen. Magnesium, steel wool, white phosphorous, and sulfur are burned in oxygen. The resulting reactions are combination reactions in which two substances react to form one product. The products formed in these reactions are MgO, Fe2O3, P4O10 and SO2. All of these combustion reactions are very exothermic.
Movie
Title
 p 279-3
Caption
 Ozone cycle in the stratosphere
Notes
 Stratospheric ozone. In the stratosphere radiation from the sun causes O2 to dissociate into O atoms. When the O atoms collide with O2 molecules, O3 may be formed. This O3 molecule is a high energy species which either transfers its excess energy to a molecule it collides with or dissociates to form O2 and an O atom. A stable O3 molecule can absorb ultraviolet light from the sun and decompose to form O2 and an O atom.
Movie
Title
 p 280-3a
Caption
 Catalytic decomposition of ozone by chlorine atoms from CFCs
Notes
 CFC's & stratospheric ozone. CFCs such as freon are very stable molecules in the lower atmosphere. When they diffuse into the stratosphere ultraviolet light from the sun causes a C-Cl bond to break, producing Cl atoms which react with O3 to produce O2 and ClO. The ClO collides with an O atom to produce O2 and a Cl atom. The Cl atom is a catalyst which breaks down numerous O3 molecules, causing depletion of the O3 in the stratosphere.
Movie
Title
 p 280-3b
Caption
 NO acts as a catalyst to break down ozone in the stratosphere
Notes
 Catalytic destruction of Stratospheric ozone. NO is present in trace amounts in the stratosphere. When NO collides with O3 the products are NO2 and O2. When the resulting NO2 atom collides with an O atom it produces O2 and NO. Since NO is unchanged in the reaction, it catalyzes the conversion of O3 and an O atom to two O2 molecules. Since NO acts as a catalyst, one NO molecule can cause the breakdown of many O3 molecules.
Movie
Title
 p 287-6
Caption
 The change in potential energy as a function of H-H bond distance for H2 is illustrated in this animation.
Notes
 H2 bond formation. As two H atoms approach each other to form an H2 molecule their orbitals begin to overlap, resulting in a decrease in energy as the electron density between the nuclei increases. When the atoms are very close thenuclei repel each other, causing an increase in energy. The observed bond length is the distance at which the attractive and repulsive forces are balanced.
8.2
Title
 8-2
Caption
  
Notes
 The aurora borealis
8.2.1UN1
Title
 p 269
Caption
 Dew formation
Notes
 Dew formation
8.3
Title
 13-14
Caption
 The fractional distillation of liquid air-a simplified representation. Clean air is fed into a compressor and cooled by refrigeration. The cold air expands through a nozzle and is cooled still further-enough to cause it to liquefy. The liquid air is filtered to remove solid CO2 and hydrocarbons and then distilled. Liquid air enters the top of the column where nitrogen, the most volatile component (lowest boiling point), passes off as a gas. In the middle of the column gaseous argon is removed. Liquid oxygen, the least volatile component, collects at the bottom. The normal boiling points of nitrogen, argon, and oxygen are 77.4, 87.5, and 90.2 K, respectively.
Notes
  
8.3-02UN
Title
 p 271
Caption
  
Notes
 Fritz Haber (1868_1934) stamp
8.4
Title
 8-4
Caption
  
Notes
 Ammonia synthesis reaction„the Haber_Bosch process
8.4.1UN
Title
 p 272-1
Caption
 Anhydrous liquid ammonia
Notes
 Anhydrous liquid ammonia
8.4.2UN
Title
 p 272-1a
Caption
 ball and stick model of urea
Notes
 ball and stick model of urea
8.4.3UN2
Title
 P 273-1
Caption
 Nitroglycerin tablets and bottle with label
Notes
 Nitroglycerin tablets and bottle with label
8.4.3UN
Title
 P 273-1a
Caption
 ball and stick model of nitroglycerin
Notes
 ball and stick model of nitroglycerin
8.4.4UN
Title
 P 273-1b
Caption
  
Notes
 penny reacts with nitric acid
8.4.5UN
Title
 P 274-1
Caption
  
Notes
 Flash paper is used by magicians for dramatic effect
8.4.6UN
Title
 P 274-1a
Caption
 chem structure of TNT
Notes
 chem structure of TNT
8.5
Title
 8-5
Caption
 smog in Mexico City
Notes
 smog in Mexico City
8.6
Title
 8-6
Caption
  
Notes
 Smog component profile
8.7
Title
 8-7
Caption
  
Notes
 The electrolysis of water
8.8
Title
 8-8
Caption
 Ozone levels over Antarctica, recorded on Octover 2, 1994
Notes
 Ozone levels over Antarctica, recorded on Octover 2, 1994
8.8.1UN
Title
 p 281-1
Caption
 Neon lights
Notes
 Neon lights
8.3.3UN
Title
 p 282-1
Caption
 MRI image of head
Notes
 MRI image of head
8.8.4UN
Title
 p 282-1a
Caption
 Goodyear blimp over stadium
Notes
 Goodyear blimp over stadium
8.9
Title
 8-9
Caption
  
Notes
 CO bound to hemoglobin
8.10
Title
 8-10
Caption
  
Notes
 The ńgreenhouseî effect
8.11
Title
 8-11
Caption
 Carbon dioxide measurements
Notes
 Carbon dioxide measurements
8.11
Title
 8-1
Caption
  
Notes
 Regions of the atmosphere: composition and temperature
8.11.1UN
Title
 p 286-1
Caption
  
Notes
 An ice core from the ice sheet in Antarctica is cut into sections in a refrigerated clean room
8.11.2UN
Title
 p 287-1
Caption
 CaH2 and water
Notes
 CaH2 and water
8.11.5UN
Title
 16-12
Caption
 the nitrogen cycle
Notes
  
8.11.6UN
Title
 p 292-1
Caption
 The Hindenberg burning
Notes
 The Hindenberg burning
8.11.7UN
Title
 p 295-1a
Caption
 Pink solution with dropper above on left and colorless solution with dropper above on right
Notes
 Pink solution with dropper above on left and colorless solution with dropper above on right
8.11.8UN
Title
 p 295-1b
Caption
 figure shows how the emission of pollutants is related to the air/fuel ratio in an internal combustion engine
Notes
 figure shows how the emission of pollutants is related to the air/fuel ratio in an internal combustion engine
8.12
Title
 2/8/2001
Caption
 a space shuttle or communications satellite at an appropriate distance from Earth (350km approx.)
Notes
 a space shuttle or communications satellite at an appropriate distance from Earth (350km approx.)
p 853-3
Title
 p 853-3
Caption
  
Notes
 Electrolysis of water
p 270-1a
Title
 p 270-1a
Caption
  
Notes
 Liquid nitrogen freezed delicate flower petals
p 281-1a
Title
 p 281-1a
Caption
  
Notes
 Sir William Ramsey (English chemist)
p 288-1
Title
 p 288-1
Caption
  
Notes
 Liquid Crisco in graduated cylinder, Crisco can, and Crisco on plate
p 290-1
Title
 p 290-1
Caption
  
Notes
 The Carbon cycle
Table 8.1
Title
 Table 8.1
Caption
  
Notes
 Composition of Dry Air (Near Sea level)
Table 8.2
Title
 Table 8.2
Caption
  
Notes
 Production and uses of Nitrogen gas
Table 8.3
Title
 Table 8.3
Caption
  
Notes
 Nomenclature of some common Oxides of Nitrogen
Table 8.4
Title
 Table 8.4
Caption
  
Notes
 Production and uses of oxyen gas
Table 8.5
Title
 Table 8.5
Caption
  
Notes
 Som Industrial methods of Preparing CO2
Table 8.6
Title
 Table 8.6
Caption
  
Notes
 Some uses of hydrogen