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Chapter 17
Acids and Bases
 
 
 
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Caption
 The dissociation of HCl, HNO3 and acetic acid in aqueous solution is illustrated using a single molecule of each.
Notes
 Introduction to Aqueous acids. HCl and HNO3 are strong acids. The complete dissociation of a single molecule of HCl and HNO3 is demonstrated. The partial ionization of a single molecule of acetic acid is also demonstrated in this animation.
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 Conductivity of a strong and a weak electrolyte
Notes
 Strong and Weak Electrolytes. This experiment shows that pure water does not conduct electricity. When gaseous HCl is dissolved in H2O, the acid dissociates to give H3O+ ions and Cl- ions, which conduct electricity. Acetic acid, a weak acid,is only partially ionized in aqueous solution, so there are fewer ions in solution to conduct electricity. This causes the light to glow less than it did in the HCl solution.
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 movie
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 Examples of molecules acting as Lewis acids and bases.
Notes
 Lewis Acid-Base Theory. A Lewis acid is an electron pair acceptor and a Lewis base is an electron pair donor. Unlike the Bronsted theory, the Lewis theory can be applied to systems that do not involve protons. Lewis acids and bases are illustrated in the formation of NH3-BF3, the cobalt hexamine complex and carbonic acid.
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 The decomposition of water to form hydrogen and oxygen.
Notes
 When a direct current is passed through water it decomposes to form oxygen and hydrogen. The volume of hydrogen gas produced at the negative electrode is twice the volume of the oxygen gas formed at the positive electrode. This indicates that water contains twice as many hydrogen atoms as oxygen atoms, which is an illustration of the law of constant composition.
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 Illustration of the periodic trends in the acid-base behavior of oxides
Notes
 Representative metal oxides are ionic and form basic aqueous solutions. Nonmetal oxides are usually covalent and most are acidic in aqueous solution with strength of the acid increasing as the oxidation state of the nonmetal increases. SO2 (oxidation state of S = 4) dissolves in water to give H2SO3 while SO3 (oxidation state of S = 6) produces H2SO4 in aqueous solution. Metalloids have oxides which are amphoteric.
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 The dissociation of NaOH and the reaction of NH3 with H2O are illustrated using a single formula unit of each substance.
Notes
 Introduction to Aqueous bases. Strong and weak bases are illustrated using NaOH and NH3, respectively. The complete dissociation of a strong base is illustrated using a single formula unit of NaOH as an example. One molecule of NH3 and one molecule of H2O are used to show that NH3 is a weak base and that most of the NH3 in aqueous solution is not ionized.
17.0.1UN
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 P 666-1
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 A holdover of the Arrhenius theory. Although there is no compelling evidence for the existence of NH4OH molecules in NH3(aq), solutions are commonly labeled this way
Notes
  
17.1a
Title
 17-1a
Caption
  
Notes
 ball and stick model of NH3
17.1b
Title
 17-1b
Caption
  
Notes
 ball and stick model of H2O
17.1c
Title
 17-1c
Caption
  
Notes
 ball and stick model of NH4+
17.1d
Title
 17-1d
Caption
  
Notes
 ball and stick model of OH-
17.1.1UN
Title
 P 668-1
Caption
 The Lewis structure of hydronium ion is
Notes
  
17.03
Title
 17.3
Caption
  
Notes
 reaction of HC2H3O2 + H2O to yield C2H3O2 + H3O+
17.2
Title
 17-2
Caption
 A hydrated hydronium ion - H9O4+ consists of a central H3O+ ion hydrogen bonded to three H2O molecules.
Notes
 A hydrated hydronium ion - H9O4+ consists of a central H3O+ ion hydrogen bonded to three H2O molecules.
17.3 1
Title
 17-3a
Caption
 ball and stick model of HC2H3O2
Notes
 ball and stick model of HC2H3O2
17.3b
Title
 17-3b
Caption
  
Notes
 ball and stick model of H2O
17.3c
Title
 17-3c
Caption
  
Notes
 ball and stick model of C2H3O2
17.3d
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 17-3d
Caption
  
Notes
 ball and stick model of H3O+
17.04
Title
 17.4
Caption
  
Notes
 ball and stick model of HCl
17.04.1
Title
 17.4
Caption
  
Notes
 ball and stick model of H3O+
17.04.2
Title
 17.4
Caption
  
Notes
 ball and stick model of Cl-
17.04.3
Title
 17.4
Caption
  
Notes
 reaction of H2O + HCl to yield H3O+ + Cl-
17.4 1
Title
 17.4
Caption
 ball and stick model of H2O
Notes
 ball and stick model of H2O
17.4.1UN
Title
 Table 17-1
Caption
 Relative strengths of some common Bronsted-Lowry Acids and Bases
Notes
 Relative strengths of some common ÉÉ
17.4.2UN
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 P 671-1a
Caption
 HClO4 is a stronger acid than is HCl
Notes
 HClO4 is a stronger acid than is HCl
17.4.3UN
Title
 P 672-1d
Caption
 Acid(1) and base(2) are much stronger than are acid(2) and base(1)
Notes
 Acid(1) and base(2) are much stronger than are acid(2) and base(1)
17.5
Title
 17-5
Caption
 table with H3O+, pH, OH-, and pOH showing basic, neutral, and acidic
Notes
 table with H3O+, pH, OH-, and pOH showing basic, neutral, and acidic
17.6
Title
 17-6
Caption
 the pH scale and pH values of some common materials
Notes
 the pH scale and pH values of some common materials
17.7
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 17-7
Caption
  
Notes
 Strong and weak acids compared
17.7.2UNa1
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 P 677-1
Caption
 lactic acid - composite of chem structures and space filling models
Notes
 lactic acid - composite of chem structures and space filling models
17.7.3UN
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 pyridine
Notes
 pyridine
17.7.4UN
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 P 678-1
Caption
 the ionization of methylamine
Notes
 the ionization of methylamine
17.7.5UN
Title
 P 678-1a
Caption
 reaction of CH3NH2 + H2O to yield CH3NH3+ and OH-
Notes
 reaction of CH3NH2 + H2O to yield CH3NH3+ and OH-
17.7.6UN
Title
 P 679-1
Caption
 ball and stick model of butyric acid
Notes
 ball and stick model of butyric acid
17.7.7UN
Title
 P 680-1
Caption
 ball and stick model of fluoroacetic acid
Notes
 ball and stick model of fluoroacetic acid
17.7.8UN
Title
 P 681-1
Caption
 ball and stick model of acetylsalicyclic acid
Notes
 ball and stick model of acetylsalicyclic acid
17.7.9UN
Title
 P 681-1a
Caption
 ball and stick model of piperidine
Notes
 ball and stick model of piperidine
17.8
Title
 17-8
Caption
 Percent ionization of an acid as a function of concentration. Over the concentration range shown, HCl, a strong acid, is 100% ionized. The percent ionization of HC2H3O2 increases from about 4% in 0.010 M HC2H3O2 to essentially 100% when the solution is extremely dilute. Note that in extremely dilute solutions the two acids would have virtually the same pH
Notes
  
17.8.2UN
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 P 685-1a
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 Phosphoric acid, H3PO4.
Notes
  
17.8.1UN
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 Table 17.4
Caption
 table 17-4 - table with acid, ionization equilibria, ionization constants K, and pK
Notes
 Ionization constants of some polyporotic acids
17.8.3UN
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 P 687-1
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 Sulfuric acid, H2SO4.
Notes
  
17.9.3UN
Title
 P 694-1
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 comparing strengths of two acids
Notes
  
17.9.4UN
Title
 P 695-1
Caption
 acetic acid and ethanol
Notes
 acetic acid and ethanol
17.9.5UN
Title
 P 695-1a
Caption
 acetate ion and ethoxide ion
Notes
 acetate ion and ethoxide ion
17.9.10UN
Title
 P 697-1
Caption
 ammonia and bromamine
Notes
 ammonia and bromamine
17.9.11UN
Title
 P 697-1a
Caption
 ammonia, methylamine, ethylamine
Notes
 ammonia, methylamine, ethylamine
17.9.12UN
Title
 P 697-1b
Caption
 5 chem structures showing changes in charges with the NH2 and the ring
Notes
 5 chem structures showing changes in charges with the NH2 and the ring
17.9.13UN
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 P 697-1d
Caption
 cyclohexylamine and aniline
Notes
 cyclohexylamine and aniline
17.9.14UN
Title
 P 698-1
Caption
 para-chloroaniline and ortho-chloroaniline
Notes
 para-chloroaniline and ortho-chloroaniline
17.9.15UN
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 P 698-1c
Caption
 octet completion
Notes
 octet completion
17.9.16UN
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 P 698-1a
Caption
 NH3BF3
Notes
 NH3BF3
17.9.17UN
Title
 P 698-1b
Caption
 rearrangement of an electron pair
Notes
 rearrangement of an electron pair
17.10a
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 17-10a
Caption
  
Notes
 ball and stick model of hydrated Al3+
17.10.1
Title
 17-10
Caption
 chem structure of Hydrated Al3+
Notes
 chem structure of Hydrated Al3+
17.11
Title
 17-11
Caption
 reaction of Hydrated Al3+ and H2O to yeild [Al(H2O)5OH]2+ and H3O+
Notes
 reaction of Hydrated Al3+ and H2O to yeild [Al(H2O)5OH]2+ and H3O+
17.12
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 17-12
Caption
 acidic properties of hydrated metal ions
Notes
 acidic properties of hydrated metal ions
17.12.2UN
Title
 p 700-1c
Caption
 marble statue of George Washington showing effects of acid rain
Notes
 marble statue of George Washington showing effects of acid rain
17.12.3UNx53
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 p 705-1
Caption
 5 boxes with colored spheres inside of them (10,10,14,18,20)
Notes
 5 boxes with colored spheres inside of them (10,10,14,18,20)
17.12.4UNx54
Title
 p 705-1a
Caption
 5 boxes with colored spheres inside of them (24,12,15,17,20)
Notes
 5 boxes with colored spheres inside of them (24,12,15,17,20)
17.12.6UNx77b
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 P 706-1b
Caption
 ring with CH3 and NH2 attached
Notes
 ring with CH3 and NH2 attached
17.12.7UN-x78a
Title
 P 706-1c
Caption
 space filling model of CH3NH2
Notes
 space filling model of CH3NH2
17.12.8UNx88
Title
 P 707-1
Caption
 string of 13 boxes with numbers 1-14 along bottom and diamonds in box # 2, 4, and 10.
Notes
 string of 13 boxes with numbers 1-14 along bottom and diamonds in box # 2, 4, and 10.
17.15
Title
 17-1
Caption
  
Notes
 BrÀnsted_Lowry acid_base reaction.
P 672
Title
 P 672
Caption
  
Notes
 autoionization of water
P 672-1
Title
 P 672-1
Caption
  
Notes
 ball and stick model of H2O
P 672-1a
Title
 P 672-1a
Caption
  
Notes
 ball and stick model of H2O
P 672-1b
Title
 P 672-1b
Caption
  
Notes
 ball and stick model of H3O+
P 672-1c
Title
 P 672-1c
Caption
  
Notes
 ball and stick model of OH-
P 677-1a
Title
 P 677-1a
Caption
  
Notes
 space filling model of lactic acid
P 677-1b
Title
 P 677-1b
Caption
  
Notes
 glycine
P 677-1c
Title
 P 677-1c
Caption
  
Notes
 space filling model of pyridine
p 701-1
Title
 p 701-1
Caption
  
Notes
 rearrangement of an electron pair
P 706-1a
Title
 P 706-1a
Caption
  
Notes
 ring with NH2 and Cl attached
P 706-1d
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 P 706-1d
Caption
  
Notes
 space filling model of a ring with 6C, 4H, OH, and Cl
P 706-1e
Title
 P 706-1e
Caption
  
Notes
 space filling model of CH3O-
P 706-1f
Title
 P 706-1f
Caption
  
Notes
 space filling model of CH3CO2-
Table 17-2
Title
 Table 17-2
Caption
  
Notes
 The common strong acids and strong bases
Table 17.3
Title
 Table 17.3
Caption
  
Notes
 Ionization constants of some weak acids and weak bases ar 25 C