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Chapter 21
Electrochemistry
 
 
 
Movie
Title
 p 824-3
Caption
 Oxidation of Zn by O2
Notes
 Oxidation-Reduction reactions part 1. Oxidation is a loss of electrons and reduction is a gain of electrons. The oxidation of metallic Zn by O2 to form ZnO(s) is illustrated at the molecular level. The transfer of electrons from Zn to O2 is shown. atoms can be observed to change as they are oxidized or reduced, respectively to their ionic forms.
Movie
Title
 p 824-3a
Caption
 Oxidation of Zn by H+ and by Cu2+
Notes
 Oxidation-Reduction reactions part 2. The oxidation of zinc by H+ ions which are reduced to form H2 gas is demonstrated at the molecular level. The reduction of Cu2+ by Zn, which is oxidized, is also illustrated. In both reactions, Zn is the reducing agent and the substances reduced by Zn are oxidizing agents. The differences in the sizes of Zn and Zn2+ and Cu2+ and Cu are illustrated
Movie
Title
 p 825-3
Caption
 The change in radius of a species resulting from the gain or loss of an electron
Notes
 Gain and loss of electrons. Electrons are simultaneously repelled by other electrons (nuclear shielding) and attracted to the nucleus. When an atom loses an electron to form a cation, the shielding effect of the electron is also lost, increasing theeffective nuclear charge and decreasing the radius of the cation. The gain of an electron results in additional shielding which increases electron-electron repulsing, causing the size of the anion to increase.
Movie
Title
 p 826-3
Caption
 Redox reaction between Sn2+ and Zn
Notes
 Redox chemistry of Tin and Zinc. When acidified SnCl2 is added to a beaker containing a piece of Zn, some of the Sn2+ reacts with H+ in the solution to produce H2 gas. Immediate changes can also be observed on the surface of the Zn as it quickly becomes coated with Sn crystals. After the reaction has progressed for a time needles of Sn can be observed on the surface of the Zn.
Movie
Title
 p 911-3
Caption
  
Notes
 Oxidation-Reduction reactions of the Halogens
Movie
Title
 p 857-3
Caption
  
Notes
 Electroplating
Movie
Title
 movie
Caption
 Mobile ions are conductors of electricity
Notes
 In NaCl crystals the ions which are held in place by interactions between ions in the crystal lattice and cannot move in an electrical field. When NaCl is dissolved in water the water associates with the ions and separates them, allowing them to move freely in the solution. These mobile ions are good conductors of electricity. An aqueous solution of a nonelectrolyte such as sugar which contains no ions does not conduct electricity.
Movie
Title
 movie
Caption
 Conductivity of a strong and a weak electrolyte
Notes
 This experiment shows that pure water does not conduct electricity. When gaseous HCl is dissolved in H2O, the acid dissociates to give H3O+ ions and Cl- ions, which conduct electricity. Acetic acid, a weak acid,is only partially ionized in aqueous solution, so there are fewer ions in solution to conduct electricity. This causes the light to glow less than it did in the HCl solution.
Movie
Title
 movie
Caption
 Animation illustrating the periodic trend in oxidation states
Notes
 Elements in group IA and group IIA have oxidation numbers of +1 and +2, respectively. The maximum oxidation state increases from left to right across the periodic table. In the first row, O and F have negative oxidation numbers. In the second row S and Cl have positive oxidation numbers when they combine with O or F. In the third row the maximum oxidation number is +7 for Mn.
Movie
Title
 movie
Caption
 The decomposition of water to form hydrogen and oxygen.
Notes
 When a direct current is passed through water it decomposes to form oxygen and hydrogen. The volume of hydrogen gas produced at the negative electrode is twice the volume of the oxygen gas formed at the positive electrode. This indicates that water contains twice as many hydrogen atoms as oxygen atoms, which is an illustration of the law of constant composition.
21.1a,b
Title
 21-1
Caption
  
Notes
 Behavior of Ag1(aq) and Zn21(aq) in the presence of copper.
21.2
Title
 21-2
Caption
  
Notes
 An electrochemical half-cell.
21.3
Title
 21-3
Caption
  
Notes
 Measurement of the electromotive force of an electrochemical cell.
21.4
Title
 21-4
Caption
  
Notes
 The reaction Zn(s) 1 Cu21(aq)ę88nęZn21(aq) 1 Cu(s) occurring in an electrochemical cell.
21.5
Title
 21-5
Caption
  
Notes
 The standard hydrogen electrode (SHE).
21.6a
Title
 21-6a
Caption
 measuring the standard potenetial of the Cu2+ electrode
Notes
 measuring the standard potenetial of the Cu2+ electrode
21.6b
Title
 21-6b
Caption
  
Notes
 measuring the standard potential of the ZN2/ZN electrode
21.6.1UN
Title
 p 833-1
Caption
  
Notes
 Michael Faraday (1791_1867)
21.7
Title
 21-7
Caption
  
Notes
 Reaction of Al(s) and Cu21(aq).
21.8
Title
 21-8
Caption
 summarizing important relationships from thermodynamics, equilibrium and electrochemistry
Notes
 summarizing important relationships from thermodynamics, equilibrium and electrochemistry
21.9
Title
 21-9
Caption
  
Notes
 Variation of Ecell with ion concentrations.
21.9.1UN
Title
 p 839-1
Caption
  
Notes
 Walther Nernst (1864_1941)
21.10
Title
 21-10
Caption
  
Notes
 A voltaic cell with nonstandard conditions
21.11
Title
 21-11
Caption
  
Notes
 A concentration cell.
21.12
Title
 21-12
Caption
 photos of glass elcetrode immersed in a solution giving a reading of PH scale, inset of blow up of the interior of electrode tip
Notes
 photos of glass elcetrode immersed in a solution giving a reading of PH scale, inset of blow up of the interior of electrode tip
21.13
Title
 21-13
Caption
  
Notes
 A concentration cell for determining Ksp of AgI.
21.14
Title
 21-14
Caption
 3d aspect of Leclenche dry cell
Notes
 3d aspect of Leclenche dry cell
21.14.1UN
Title
 p 845-1
Caption
 EO cell is an intensive property
Notes
 EO cell is an intensive property
21.15
Title
 21-15
Caption
  
Notes
 photo of car battery
21.15R
Title
 21-15a
Caption
 photo of car battery w/arrow zoom to drawing of lead-acid storage cell
Notes
 photo of car battery w/arrow zoom to drawing of lead-acid storage cell
21.16
Title
 21-16
Caption
 3D-a silver zinc (miniature) button
Notes
 3D-a silver zinc (miniature) button
21.17
Title
 21-17
Caption
 schemetic representation of a hydrogen-oxygen fuel cell/3D
Notes
 schemetic representation of a hydrogen-oxygen fuel cell/3D
21.17.1UN
Title
 p 848-1
Caption
 colorful Toyota fuel cell posered electric car prototype
Notes
 colorful Toyota fuel cell posered electric car prototype
21.18
Title
 21-18
Caption
  
Notes
 Simplified representation of an aluminum_air battery.
21.19
Title
 21-19
Caption
  
Notes
 Demonstration of corrosion and methods of corrosion protection.
21.20
Title
 21-20
Caption
  
Notes
 Protection of iron against electrolytic corrosion.
21.21
Title
 21-21
Caption
  
Notes
 An electrolytic cell.
21.21.1UN
Title
 p 853-1
Caption
 electrolysis of water
Notes
 electrolysis of water
21.22
Title
 21-22
Caption
  
Notes
 Predicting electrode reactions in electrolysis
21.22.2UN
Title
 p 857-1
Caption
  
Notes
 A rack of metal parts being lifted from the electrolyte solution following electroplating.
21.23
Title
 21-23
Caption
  
Notes
 A diaphragm chlor-alkali cell.
21.24
Title
 21-24
Caption
  
Notes
 The mercury-cell chlor-alkali process.
21.25aC
Title
 21-25
Caption
 formation of membrane potential
Notes
 formation of membrane potential
21.25.2UN
Title
 p 863-1
Caption
 2 beakers connected by pipe- left beaker lt. brown liquid, right beaker lavender liquid
Notes
 2 beakers connected by pipe- left beaker lt. brown liquid, right beaker lavender liquid
21.25.3UN
Title
 p 863-1a
Caption
 2 beakers connected by pipe- left beaker green liquid, right beaker yellow liquid
Notes
 2 beakers connected by pipe- left beaker green liquid, right beaker yellow liquid
21.25.4UN
Title
 p 864
Caption
 Problem 30
Notes
 Problem 30
21.25.5UN
Title
 p 866-1
Caption
 face of statue of liberty
Notes
 face of statue of liberty
21.25.6UN
Title
 p 867-1
Caption
 two beakers connected by pipe-left beaker light blue, right beaker lavender
Notes
 two beakers connected by pipe-left beaker light blue, right beaker lavender
21.25.7UN
Title
 p 868-1
Caption
 3D voltmeter w/ lavender liquid on left, pale green liquid on right
Notes
 3D voltmeter w/ lavender liquid on left, pale green liquid on right
21.25.8UN
Title
 p 869-1
Caption
 3D large iron washer
Notes
 3D large iron washer
21.25.9UN
Title
 p 869-1a
Caption
 Feature Problem E
Notes
 Feature Problem E
21.25.10UN
Title
 p 870-1
Caption
 electrode potential diagram
Notes
 electrode potential diagram
21.25.11UN
Title
 p 870-1a
Caption
 electrode potential diagram-basic solution
Notes
 electrode potential diagram-basic solution
p 862-1
Title
 p 862-1
Caption
  
Notes
 connection of two electrochemical cells
p 847-1
Title
 p 847-1
Caption
  
Notes
 photo of ni-cad batteris in a recharger
p 850-1
Title
 p 850-1
Caption
  
Notes
 diver installing two sacrificial aluminum anodes on an offshore oil platform
p 852-1
Title
 p 852-1
Caption
  
Notes
 Comparison of voltaic and electrolytic cells
p 856-1
Title
 p 856-1
Caption
  
Notes
 refining of copper by electrolysis
p 860-1
Title
 p 860-1
Caption
  
Notes
 computer generated model of a portion of a cell membrane
Table 21-1
Title
 Table 21-1
Caption
  
Notes
 Some selectred standard electrodes
Table 21.2
Title
 Table 21.2
Caption
  
Notes
 Ion concentrations and memebrane potentials for a typical nerve cell.