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Chapter 23
Main-Group Elements II: Nonmetals
 
 
 
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 p 908-3
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Notes
 Physical properties of Halogens
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 P922-3
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Notes
 Sulfuric acid as an oxidizing agent
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 movie
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 Catalytic decomposition of ozone by chlorine atoms from CFCs
Notes
 CFCs such as freon are very stable molecules in the lower atmosphere. When they diffuse into the stratosphere ultraviolet light from the sun causes a C-Cl bond to break, producing Cl atoms which react with O3 to produce O2 and ClO. The ClO collides with an O atom to produce O2 and a Cl atom. The Cl atom is a catalyst which breaks down numerous O3 molecules, causing depletion of the O3 in the stratosphere.
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 NO acts as a catalyst to break down ozone in the stratosphere
Notes
 NO is present in trace amounts in the stratosphere. When NO collides with O3 the products are NO2 and O2. When the resulting NO2 atom collides with an O atom it produces O2 and NO. Since NO is unchanged in the reaction, it catalyzes the conversion of O3 and an O atom to two O2 molecules. Since NO acts as a catalyst, one NO molecule can cause the breakdown of many O3 molecules.
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Notes
 Oxidation-Reduction reactions of the halogens
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 Combination reactions of oxygen with magnesium, steel wool, white phosphorous and sulfur
Notes
 Magnesium, steel wool, white phosphorous, and sulfur are burned in oxygen. The resulting reactions are combination reactions in which two substances react to form one product. The products formed in these reactions are MgO, Fe2O3, P4O10 and SO2. All of these combustion reactions are very exothermic.
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 movie
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 Removal of water from sugar by H2SO4
Notes
 The formula of table sugar is C12H22O11. Sugars were originally named carbohydrates (hydrates of carbon) because they have a ratio of H to O of 2:1. When H2SO4 is added to sugar, the sugar is converted to H2O and solid C. The reaction is exothermic so the water is converted to steam. A column of solid C rises out of the beaker during the reaction.
23.0.1UN
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 p 908-1
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 xenon reaction
Notes
 xenon reaction
23.0.2UN
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 p 908-1a
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 crystals of xenon tetrafluoride under magnification
Notes
 crystals of xenon tetrafluoride under magnification
23.1
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 23-1
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 VSEPR theory- three flourides of xenon
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 VSEPR theory- three flourides of xenon
23.2
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 23-2
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 standard electrode potential diagrams for chlorine
Notes
 standard electrode potential diagrams for chlorine
23.2.1UN
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 p 911-1
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Notes
 Salt formations in the Dead Sea.
23.2.3UN
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 p 912-1
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 a glass object etched with hydrofluoric acid
Notes
 a glass object etched with hydrofluoric acid
23.2.4UN
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 p 914-1
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 oxoacids in pure form: hypochlorite, chlorite, chlorate, and perchlorate
Notes
 oxoacids in pure form: hypochlorite, chlorite, chlorate, and perchlorate
23.2.5UN
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 p 915-1
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Notes
 Bleaching with hypochlorite ion.
23.2.6UN
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 p 915-1a
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 The hypothetical oxoacid of fluorine, HFO2 (HOFO), would have a positive formal charge on the central F atom
Notes
 The hypothetical oxoacid of fluorine, HFO2 (HOFO), would have a positive formal charge on the central F atom
23.2.7UN
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 p 915-1c
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 H-O-F
Notes
 H-O-F
23.3.1UN
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 p 916-1a
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 iodine ions
Notes
 iodine ions
23.3
Title
 23-3
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 4 wire frame models with space-filling electron density framework
Notes
 4 wire frame models with space-filling electron density framework
23.4
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 23-4
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Notes
 Structure of the I3- ion.
23.5
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 23-5
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Notes
 Some different molecular forms of sulfur.
23.6a
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 23-6a
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Notes
 photo of form of sulfur
23.6b
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 23-6b
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Notes
 photo of form of sulfur
23.6c
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 23-6c
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Notes
 photo of form of sulfur
23.6d
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 23-6d
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Notes
 Liquid sulfur is poured into water to produce plastic sulfur.
23.6C
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 23-6
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 composite photos of four forms of sulfur
Notes
 composite photos of four forms of sulfur
23.7.1UN
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 p 919-1
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Notes
 These vast formations of solid sulfur were formed by the solidification of liquid sulfur obtained by the Frasch process.
23.7
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 23-7
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Notes
 The Frasch process.
23.8
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 23-8
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Notes
 Diagram showing sources and uses of sulfur and its oxides.
23.9
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 23-9
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 diagrams of sulfur, acidic and basic solution
Notes
 diagrams of sulfur, acidic and basic solution
23.10
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 23-10
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 sulfur oxides
Notes
 sulfur oxides
23.10.1UNC
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 p 922-1
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 composite of two photos of sulfuric acid reactions
Notes
 composite of two photos of sulfuric acid reactions
23.11aC
Title
 23-11
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 structures of sulfite, sulfate, thiosulfate,dithionate,trithionate,tetrathionate
Notes
 structures of sulfite, sulfate, thiosulfate,dithionate,trithionate,tetrathionate
23.12
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 23-12
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Notes
 Fluidized-bed combustion.
23.13
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 23-13
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 electrode potential diagrams for nitrogen
Notes
 electrode potential diagrams for nitrogen
23.13.1UN
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 p 926-1
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Notes
 white phosphorus
23.14a,b
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 23-14
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 structures of white and red phosphorus
Notes
 structures of white and red phosphorus
23.14.1UN
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 p 928-1
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Notes
 The upfiring thrusters of the Space Shuttle, Columbia, shown here in an in-flight test
23.14.2UN
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 p 929-1
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 HN3 reaction
Notes
 HN3 resonances
23.15aC
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 23-15
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 Molecular structures of P4O6 and P4O10.
Notes
 Molecular structures of P4O6 and P4O10.
23.16
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 23-16
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Notes
 Formation of polyphosphoric acids. Removal of H2O molecules results in POOOP bridges.
23.16.1UN
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 p 932-1
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Notes
 The natural eutrophication of a lake is greatly accelerated by phosphates in wastewater and the agricultural runoff of fertilizers.
23.16.2UN
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 p 933-1
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Notes
 Fabric for use in composite materials woven from carbon fibers.
23.17
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 23-17
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Notes
 Phase diagram for carbon.
23.17.72UN
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 p 935-1
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 structure of calcium carbide
Notes
 structure of calcium carbide
23.18
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 23-18
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Notes
 Structures of silica and silicates.
23.18.1UN
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 p 936-1a
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 Lewis structure of CO2
Notes
 Lewis structure of CO2
23.18.2UN
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 p 936-1b
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 two tetrahedra joined end-to end
Notes
 two tetrahedra joined end-to end
23.18.3UN
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 p 937-1
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 tetrahedra joined into long chains
Notes
 tetrahedra joined into long chains
23.18.4UN
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 p 937-1a
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 tetrahedra joined into double chain
Notes
 tetrahedra joined into double chain
23.18.5UN
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 p 937-1b
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 OH and OOH combine to form water (HOH) and SiOOOSi bridges
Notes
 OH and OOH combine to form water (HOH) and SiOOOSi bridges
23.18.6UN
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 p 938-1
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 grey ceramic automotive engine components
Notes
 grey ceramic automotive engine components
23.18.7UN
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 p 938-1a
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 monosilane, disilane, trisilane, hexasilane
Notes
 monosilane, disilane, trisilane, hexasilane
23.18.8UN
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 p 938-1b
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 silicones
Notes
 silicones
23.18.9UN
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 p 938-1c
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 three silicone car care products: lubricant,window sealer,wax
Notes
 three silicone car care products: lubricant,window sealer,wax
23.18.10UN
Title
 23-19
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 two borane units structural formula
Notes
 two borane units structural formula
23.19b
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 23-19b
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Notes
 structure and bonding of diborane
23.19aC
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 23-19a
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 structure and bonding of diborane
Notes
 structure and bonding of diborane
23.20
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 23-20
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 structure of pentaborane B5H9
Notes
 structure of pentaborane B5H9
23.21
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 23-21
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Notes
 Preparation of some boron compounds.
23.21.1UN
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 p 940-1a
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 bridging the boron atoms
Notes
 bridging the boron atoms
23.21.3UN
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 p 940-1b
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Notes
 Stained-glass windows of the Spiral Church in Dallas, Texas.
23.21.2UN
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 p 942-1
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 decompostion of thiosulfate ion- two beakers of aqueous solution
Notes
 decompostion of thiosulfate ion- two beakers of aqueous solution
p 922-1a
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 p 922-1a
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Notes
 sulfuric acid being poured into a beaker of sugar
p 922-1b
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 p 922-1b
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Notes
 a column thrusting out of a beaker
p 924-1a
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 p 924-1a
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Notes
 sulfate
p 924-1b
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 p 924-1b
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Notes
 thiosulfate
p 924-1c
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 p 924-1c
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Notes
 dithionate
p 922-1d
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 p 922-1d
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Notes
 trithionate
p 922-1e
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 p 922-1e
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Notes
 tetrathionate
p 930-1a
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 p 930-1a
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Notes
 P4O10
p 911-1a
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 p 911-1a
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Notes
 Photo of a layer of CHCl3 on top of an aqueous solution of chlorine and sodium bromide
p 920-1a
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 p 920-1a
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Notes
 selenium coated light sensitive element from a photocopier
p 929-1a
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 p 929-1a
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Notes
 photo of heated copper gauze or fine copper turnings held with tongs in a cylinder
p 934-1a
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 p 934-1a
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Notes
 synthetic diamonds
Table 23.1
Title
 Table 23.1
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Notes
 Group 17 Elements: the halogens
Table 32.2
Title
 Table 32.2
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Notes
 Some important inorganic compounds of fluorine
Table 23.3
Title
 Table 23.3
Caption
  
Notes
 Free energy of formation of hydrogen halides at 289 K
Table 23.4
Title
 Table 23.4
Caption
  
Notes
 oxoacids of the halogens
Table 23.5
Title
 Table 23.5
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Notes
 some interhalogen compounds
Table 23.6
Title
 Table 23.6
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Notes
 Some comparisons of oxygen and sulfur
Table 23.7
Title
 Table 23.7
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Notes
 selected properties of group 15 elements
Table 23.8
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 Table 23.8
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Notes
 preparation of oxides of nitrogen
Table 23.9
Title
 Table 23.9
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Notes
 some comparisons of carbon and silicon