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Chapter 28
Chemistry of the Living State
 
 
 
Movie
Title
 p 1135-3
Caption
 This animation illustrates some properties of proteins amino acids.
Notes
 Proteins and amino acids. The primary structure of a protein is its sequence of amino acids. The secondary structure of a protein is stabilized by hydrogen bonds between the carboxyl oxygens and the amide hydrogens of peptide groups. Free amino acids exist in their ionized forms in neutral solution. All amino acids except glycine have 4 different groups around the alpha carbon making them optically active. Only L amino acids are found in proteins.
Movie
Title
 p 1135-3
Caption
 The concept of chirality is illustrated in this animation.
Notes
 A chiral object is not superimposable on its mirror image. A carbon atom with four different groups is chiral so it cannot be superimposed on its mirror image. Two chiral isomers are called enantiomers and are designated as either the R or the S isomer. Enantiomers have similar physical properties but behave differently in chiral environments. Many molecules have more than one chiral carbon atom.
Movie
Title
 movie
Caption
 The various types of isomerism are demonstrated in this animation.
Notes
 Isomers are compounds that have the same chemical formula but different structural formulas. Configurational (structural) isomers differ in the locations of bonds or groups in the molecule. Stereoisomers have the same groups of atoms bonded to each other but differ in the spatial arrangements of the atoms. Geometrical (cis-trans) isomers and optical isomers are stereoisomers.
Movie
Title
 movie
Caption
 Animation showing the design and operation of a polarimeter.
Notes
 Nonpolarized light has its electric vectors vibrating in all planes. A polarizer allows only light vibrating in a single plane to pass through it. An analyzer is used to determine if the polarized light has been rotated. An achiral solution has no effect on the plane of polarization of the light. A solution containing an excess of one enantiomer of a chiral substance causes rotation of the plane of polarization of the light.
28.1
Title
 28-1
Caption
  
Notes
 Elements in living matter
28.2
Title
 28-2
Caption
  
Notes
 cellular organization
28.3
Title
 28-3
Caption
  
Notes
 optical isomeers of glyceraldehyde
28.4
Title
 28-4
Caption
  
Notes
 view through the analyzer prism of a polarimeter
28.5
Title
 28-5
Caption
  
Notes
 The structure of D-(-)-erythrose
28.6
Title
 28-6
Caption
  
Notes
 Representation of ring closure in glucose molecule
28.7
Title
 28-7
Caption
  
Notes
 alpha and beta forms of D glucose
28.8
Title
 28-8
Caption
  
Notes
 some common disaccharides
28.9
Title
 28-9
Caption
  
Notes
 Two common polysaccharides
28.2
Title
 28-2
Caption
  
Notes
 Experimental determination of amino acid sequence
28.11
Title
 28-11
Caption
  
Notes
 Amino acid sequence in beef insulin
28.12
Title
 28-12
Caption
  
Notes
 Secondary structure of a protein-an helix
28.13
Title
 28-13
Caption
  
Notes
 Pleated-sheet model of beta-keratin
28.14
Title
 28-14
Caption
  
Notes
 Linkages contributing to the tertiary sturcture of proteins
28.15
Title
 28-15
Caption
  
Notes
 Representation of the tertiary structure of myglobin
28.16
Title
 28-16
Caption
  
Notes
 The four levels of protein structure
28.17
Title
 28-17
Caption
  
Notes
 metabolism outline
28.18
Title
 28-18
Caption
  
Notes
 Converstion of ADP to ATP
28.19
Title
 28-19
Caption
  
Notes
 Sucrase binding a scrose molecule
28.20
Title
 28-20
Caption
  
Notes
 Change in enzyme conformation after binding of substrate
28.21
Title
 28-21
Caption
  
Notes
 Completion of the enzyme-catzlyzed reaction
28.22
Title
 28-22
Caption
  
Notes
 structure of carboxypeptidase
28.23
Title
 28-23
Caption
  
Notes
 Binding of protein to the active site of carboxypeptidase
28.24
Title
 28-24
Caption
  
Notes
 Constituents of nucleic acids
28.25
Title
 28-25
Caption
  
Notes
 A protion of a nucleic acid chain
28.26
Title
 28-26
Caption
  
Notes
 DNA model
28.27
Title
 28-27
Caption
  
Notes
 Replciation of a DNA molecule
28.28
Title
 28-28
Caption
  
Notes
 Protein synthesis
p 1124-1
Title
 p 1124-1
Caption
  
Notes
 Glyerol and fatty acid
p 1124-1a
Title
 p 1124-1a
Caption
  
Notes
 Glycerol tripalmitate, glycerol tiroleate and glycerol lauropalmitostearate
p 1125-1
Title
 p 1125-1
Caption
  
Notes
 Tristerarin, glycerol and potassium stearate
p 1125-1a
Title
 p 1125-1a
Caption
  
Notes
 3-hydrocy-2-butanone and diacetly
p 1126-1
Title
 p 1126-1
Caption
  
Notes
 olestra and triglyceride
p 1126-1a
Title
 p 1126-1a
Caption
  
Notes
 corn oil photo
p 1127-1
Title
 p 1127-1
Caption
  
Notes
 phosphatidylethanolamine and phosphatidylcholine
p 1127-1a
Title
 p 1127-1a
Caption
  
Notes
 a cell membrane
p 1127-1b
Title
 p 1127-1b
Caption
  
Notes
 glocose and fructose
p 1129-1
Title
 p 1129-1
Caption
  
Notes
 Ficher projections
p 1130-1
Title
 p 1130-1
Caption
  
Notes
 S and R L and D glyceraldehyde
p 1130-1a
Title
 p 1130-1a
Caption
  
Notes
 D and L Erythrose and threose
p 1130-1b
Title
 p 1130-1b
Caption
  
Notes
 D erythrose and Threose
p 1130-1c
Title
 p 1130-1c
Caption
  
Notes
 photo of Emil Fischer
p 1133-1
Title
 p 1133-1
Caption
  
Notes
 cellobiose
p 1135-1a
Title
 p 1135-1a
Caption
  
Notes
 an L-amino acid
p 1136-1
Title
 p 1136-1
Caption
  
Notes
 Acid to basic solution
p 1137-1
Title
 p 1137-1
Caption
  
Notes
 peptide bond formation
p 1137-1a
Title
 p 1137-1a
Caption
  
Notes
 naming a polypeptide
p 1142-1
Title
 p 1142-1
Caption
  
Notes
 missing no name
p 1144-1
Title
 1144-1
Caption
  
Notes
 The structure of glyceralde-hyde-3-phosphate
p 1144-1a
Title
 p 1144-1a
Caption
  
Notes
 ADP/ATP conversion
p 1145-1
Title
 p 1145-1
Caption
  
Notes
 Hydrolysis of sucrose
p 1147-1
Title
 p 1147-1
Caption
  
Notes
 peptide linkage being broken
p 1152-1
Title
 p 1152-1
Caption
  
Notes
 the genetic code
p 1154-1a
Title
 p 1154-1a
Caption
  
Notes
 Structure of L-threonine
p 1154-1b
Title
 p 1154-1b
Caption
  
Notes
 problem 1
p 1154-1b
Title
 p 1154-1b
Caption
  
Notes
 problem 2
p 1155-1a
Title
 p 1155-1a
Caption
  
Notes
 problem 4
p 1155-1b
Title
 p 1155-1b
Caption
  
Notes
 problem 5
p 1156-1
Title
 p 1156-1
Caption
  
Notes
 problem 23
P 1157-1a
Title
 P 1157-1a
Caption
  
Notes
 problem 31
P 1157-1b
Title
 P 1157-1b
Caption
  
Notes
 problem 32
P 1157-1c
Title
 P 1157-1c
Caption
  
Notes
 problem 33
P 1157-1d
Title
 P 1157-1d
Caption
  
Notes
 problem 34
p 1159-1
Title
 p 1159-1
Caption
  
Notes
 problem 60
p 1160-1
Title
 p 1160-1
Caption
  
Notes
 problem 71
Table 28.1
Title
 Table 28.1
Caption
  
Notes
 Some common fatty acids
Table 28.2
Title
 Table 28.2
Caption
  
Notes
 some common fats and oils
Table 28.3
Title
 Table 28.3
Caption
  
Notes
 Some common amino acids